Psychology of Time: What is Your Time Perspective?

It really is amazing how traveling can change your perspective on certain things. One of the most memorable trips I have taken was back in 2011 when I visited Rome, Italy with a good friend.

While there were many memorable parts of that trip, there was one in particular that really changed my perspective on time forever.

In the center of Rome beneath the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini lies what is known as the Capuchin Crypt or the Museum and Crypt of the Capuchin Friars. Basically, it contains six little rooms made up of the bones of 4,000 monks which are fastened to the walls in various patterns, piled high on top of others and hanging from the ceiling as light fixtures. While it is shocking and jolting, it is at the same time a silent reminder of both how quickly time passes and of our own mortality.

The real jolt, which we will get to in a bit, came when we passed through the last little room. I was reminded of this part of my life recently when I read an interesting book on the psychology of time called The Time Paradox: The New Psychology of Time That Will Change Your Life.

The authors, Philip Zimbardo and John Boyd have drawn upon their 30 years of research to show how your perspective on time and the psychology of time affect the decisions that you make. While the book was a bit dense and written in an academic style, it was extremely helpful and has impacted how I view not only myself but others.

Our Attitudes Toward Time…

…can have an enormous impact on our lives, and yet we don’t even know it. While many of us realize that time is our most valuable resource, it’s amazing how little thought we give to how we use it.

Think about it, many of us do a cost-benefit analysis before we spend money, yet we are not even close to as deliberate in thinking about how we spend our time.

So…the idea is to leverage the psychology of time and identify your which of the 5 time perspectives outlined by the authors applies most to you.

Then, understand how it affects your thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Finally, you can use some of their suggestions to make the most of your precious time.

Before we get to the 5 different time perspectives and what we can do to improve them, let’s first define the concept of time perspective.

In His TED Talk…

Zimbardo defined it as follows: “The study of how individuals divide the flow of human experience into different time frames or time zones-automatically and non-consciously.” He went on to add that time perspectives vary between social classes, cultures, countries, and people.

When We Make a Decision…

The psychology of time and how we perceive time has a huge impact on the decision that we make.

For some of us…

  It’s all about what is happening at the moment, we are present-oriented and focused on the now.

For others…

  The present is irrelevant, we make our decisions based upon what happened in the past. Our past memories and experiences help us make our decisions, we are past-oriented.

And for the rest of us…

  Both the past and the present are irrelevant, what we care about is the future. We do a cost-benefit analysis and look at anticipated consequences, we are future-oriented.

Let’s now do a bit deeper dive into…

The 5 Time Perspective Factors

According to the authors, we all have different attitudes toward time and are affected by the psychology of time differently. Each of their 5 time perspectives reveals our attitudes, beliefs, and values towards time. They reveal whether we spend more time thinking about the past, present or future. They also reveal whether our thoughts are happy/sad, positive/negative, hopeful/fearful and they reflect our feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

While the 5 are theoretically unrelated (your score on 1 factor is unrelated to your score on others), the authors have found consistent patterns in individual time perspective profiles.

To find your score you can take the test at http://www.thetimeparadox.com. It takes less than 10 minutes to complete. The thing to remember is that we can be high on multiple time perspectives and your score is comprised of all 5 which vary across a continuum from low to high. Each of the 5 has positive and negative aspects that again, in the interest of time, we won’t get into.

The authors break down time perspectives into 5 factors (2 past, 2 present and 1 future) that I will briefly describe:

(1)  Past Positive

You have a positive attitude toward the past and remain very close to your family. Your positive attitudes towards the past help you make the best of tough situations and you often recall the positive aspects of difficult past events. The only downside is that you are sometimes a little too cautious and your ‘better safe than sorry’ ways can cost you opportunities.

 (2)  Past Negative

You are focused on negative past experiences that are still able to upset you. This can leave you feeling bitter and angry. Often, you don’t remember things that happened correctly.

 (3)  Present Hedonistic

You are all about living in the present in terms of finding things that yield pleasure while avoiding pain. You actively seek pleasure, focusing on instant gratification, short-term payoffs and have a hard time postponing feeling good now for future gain which can lead to an unhealthy lifestyle.

(4)  Present Fatalistic

You believe that your life is predetermined and controlled by forces that you are unable to influence. Your actions do not produce or influence the outcomes that you want which creates resignation and cynicism.

(5)  Future-oriented

You are ambitious and focused on reaching your goals and weigh the benefits of instant gratification against future costs. Sometimes your investment in the future can cost you relationships and fun times.

Again, we can score high on multiple perspectives, and each of them is a continuum from low to high. That being said, the idea is to have…

 A Balanced Time Perspective

According to the authors, it is best to have a balanced time zone rather than one that is narrowly focused. The idea is to stop over-indulging in the present and obsessing over the past and future. This understanding of the psychology of time will allow you to have the mental flexibility to shift your perspective fluidly depending on the demands of the situation – from past to present to future.

The Optimal Profile…

…is one that helps you learn from the past, enjoy the present and plan for the future. So, depending on the situation you are involved in, one of the perspectives may jump to the forefront while the others sit in the background.

They believe the optimum profile looks like this:

High on past-positive which gives you roots, grounds you and connects you with family and traditions.

Moderately high on future which gives you wings to soar to new challenges and destinations while envisioning a bright and optimistic future.

Moderate in present-hedonism which allows you to live in the moment while giving you energy, the joy to experience different people, places and things – in moderation.

Low in past-negative as nothing good comes out of it.

Low in present-fatalism as nothing good comes out of it either.

I know we are running out of time, so let’s quickly discuss…

A Few Ways to Reset Your Time Perspective Clock

The authors suggest some ways to reset your time perspective clock:

If you are too Future-Focused:

  Figure out how to do less, not more!
  Say no to reduce your obligations and commitments.
  Learn to disconnect and take some time for yourself.

If you are too Present Hedonistic-Focused:

  Being too present focused can cause you to take unnecessary risks. The idea here is to shoot for moderation. The authors suggest you “Embrace periods of boredom as times to look within and create new fantasies and imagine scenarios of possible roles you might play in the future drama of your life.” ²

If you are too Past Negative-Focused:

  Try to reconstruct negative experiences from the past and either neutralize them or find something positive in them.

To become more Future-Oriented:

  Set daily, weekly, monthly goals and keep tabs on them.
  Practice visualization and extend your visualization to the future.
  Make to-do-lists.
  Work toward bigger goals rather than short-term goals.

To become more Present-Oriented:

  Practice meditation, relaxation exercises, and yoga.
  Be spontaneous, take a weekend day and do whatever when that day arrives.
  Try a new restaurant, go for a walk, drink some alcohol (in moderation!), say yes to invitations.

To become more Past-Oriented:

  Go through photo albums and yearbooks.
  Plan family get-togethers and reunions.
  Go back to your hometown.

Back to the Jolt…

…that I received when walking through the last room in the Capuchin Crypt.

I looked down on the floor and what I saw was a reminder.

And it wasn’t just any reminder.

It was a solemn reminder which completely stripped me of my ability to deny the inevitable truth that we are all prone to ignore.

Which is that our time on this planet is limited…

I hope your reading this blog post was time well spent.

Until next time…use the psychology of time to improve your life and as always…PYMFP!
–Rick

P.S. When I took the test I scored the following (ideal is in parentheses:

Past-negative 1.0 (ideal = 2.1)
Past-positive 4.33 (ideal = 3.67)
Present-fatalistic 1.00 (ideal = 1.67)
Present-hedonistic 2.93 (ideal = 4.33)
Future 4.92 (ideal = 3.69)

How about you?

Use it or Lose It – Psychology of Time

The idea is to have a balanced time zone rather than one that is narrowly focused. The idea is to stop over-indulging in the present and obsessing over the past and future. This will allow you to have the mental flexibility to shift your perspective fluidly depending on the demands of the situation – from past to present to future.

When to Use It:

When making decisions in your life.

What Do You Think?

Do you find you have a balanced time zone or do you have a more narrowly focused time zone? Please discuss your thoughts in the comments below!

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References

1https://www.ted.com/talks/philip_zimbardo_prescribes_a_healthy_take_on_time/discussion#t-138877

2 Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York, NY, US: Free Press.